Polls have closed in Madagascar following a presidential election that was marred by opposition calls for a boycott and weeks of protest.
Voting took place peacefully, though turn-out was reportedly low, especially in opposition strongholds.
Most opposition leaders called for a boycott of the election.
They denounced President Andry Rajoelina’s bid for a third term and raised concerns about the poll’s credibility.
Mr Rajoelina dismissed their concerns, and was joined by his family as he voted in the capital Antananarivo’s northern neighbourhood of Atmobe.
“A handful of people tried to prevent citizens from expressing their choice. They have the right not to participate but the populations have the right and the duty to vote,” Mr Rajoelina said.
Ten of the 12 opposition candidates boycotted the poll.
“We do not recognise these elections and the Malagasy population in its great majority does not recognise them either,” said Hajo Andrianainarivelo, who spoke on behalf of the group.
There were six weeks of demonstrations, and clashes with police in the build-up to the election.
A curfew was imposed in Antananarivo on the eve of the poll.
This followed “various acts of sabotage”, including the “burning of a polling station”, Angelo Ravelonarivo, a police prefect, said.
However, there was a low-key security presence across Antananarivo during Thursday’s vote.
Opposition leaders have complained of an “institutional coup” in favour of Mr Rajoelina.
They also said he should be disqualified from the presidency because he acquired French nationality in 2014.
Polling stations in opposition areas were mostly empty, with a a low-key security presence across Antananarivo.
However, people were seen lining up at polling stations in areas regarded as strongholds of Mr Rajoelina and his party.