The bank stuck to its plan to lower rates in the face of economic challenges, including threats of US tariffs and plans to boost European military spending.

The ECB cut its main interest rate to 2.5% from 2.75%, and once again reduced its forecasts for economic growth in the eurozone.

The latest cut came as a sell-off of German government bonds spread to other bond markets, including the UK.

The sell-off came after Germany’s move this week to increase military and infrastructure spending.

Political parties in talks to form a new government plan to pay for this by loosening Germany’s fiscal rules, raising the prospect of a big increase in debt.

In response, longer term German bonds saw their biggest sell-off in years on Wednesday.

This pushed borrowing costs – as measured by the yields on the Germany’s 10-year bonds – up by biggest daily amount since May 1997.

On Thursday, German borrowing costs – as measured by the yields on the country’s bonds – continued to rise.

Yields continued to rise on Thursday, hitting 2.929% at one point – the highest level since October 2023.

The increase has had a knock-on effect on other countries, with UK borrowing costs also increasing.

UK government borrowing costs have already risen due to concerns about persistent inflation and interest rates not coming down as quickly as previously thought.

However, Lindsay James, an investment strategist at Quilters, said the market was still expecting the Bank of England to make two further rate cuts in 2025, “with recent inflation data reasonably encouraging”.

With inflation getting closer to its 2% target, the ECB said its interest rate cuts were “making new borrowing less expensive for firms and households”.

But it trimmed its prediction for eurozone growth, putting expansion in 2025 at just 0.9%, only slightly above the 0.7% pace recorded last year.

The ECB faces a number of upcoming challenges as it tries to get inflation to its 2% target.

The eurozone economy may suffer if the Trump administration goes ahead with plans to impose “reciprocal tariffs” on every country that taxes US imports.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) reduced its repo rate from 6.5% to 6.25%, in line with the expectations of many economists.

The repo rate is the level at which the central bank lends to commercial banks.

The latest cut happens when India’s GDP growth is seen slowing to a four year low of 6.7%.

RBI governor Sanjay Malhotra said the bank was keeping its policy stance “neutral”, which would open more space to support growth, signalling further rate cuts.

Investment growth and urban consumption in the world’s fastest growing major economy have been flagging. Corporate profits have also shrunk in the first half of this financial year.

But moderating inflation, an increase in rural demand and good agricultural output will help growth, said Mr Malhotra.

The rate cut could lead to marginally lower mortgage and credit card interest rates as well as cheaper borrowing costs for companies.

The central bank’s rate reduction follows a range of measures previously announced, including an injection of $18bn (£14.48bn) into the domestic banking system, to ease a cash shortage in the economy.

It had also cut the cash reserve ratio – or the reserves commercial banks need to maintain with the RBI – by half a percent in December.

The RBI’s rate move follows the Union Budget’s $12bn tax cut for the struggling middle class.

Despite this, Mr Modi’s government aims to curb spending to reduce the budget deficit. With limited room for fiscal stimulus, economists expect the central bank to cut rates further by 0.5% –1% to support growth, according to various estimates.

However, global uncertainties due to US President Donald Trump’s tariff war, an outflow of foreign investor money and a depreciating currency – which could further weaken if rates come down – have complicated the RBI’s task.

The Indian rupee is trading near record lows due to heavy foreign investor outflows from stock markets in recent months.

The move by the Bank of Japan (BOJ) to raise its short-term policy rate to “around 0.5 per cent” comes just hours after the latest economic data showed prices rose last month at the fastest pace in 16 months.

The BOJ’s last interest rate hike in July, along with a weak jobs report from the US, caught investors around the world by surprise, which triggered a stock market selloff.

The bank’s governor, Kazuo Ueda, signalled this latest rate hike in advance in a bid to avoid another market shock.

According to official figures released on Friday, core consumer prices in Japan increased by 3% in December from a year earlier.

The decision marks the BOJ’s first rate hike since July and came just days after Donald Trump returned to the White House.

During the election campaign Trump threatened to impose tariffs on all imports into the US, which could have an impact on exporting countries like Japan.

By raising rates now the bank will have more scope to cut rates in the future if it needs to boost the economy.

The move highlights the central bank’s plans to steadily increase rates to around 1% – a level seen as neither boosting or slowing the economy.

The BOJ signalled that interest rates will continue to rise from ultra-low levels.

Neil Newman, the head of strategy at Astris Advisory Japan said: “rates will continue to rise as wages increase, inflation remains above 2% and there is some growth in the economy.”

“We look for another 25-basis point hike in six months,” said Stefan Angrick, a Japan economist at Moody’s Analytics.

Last year, the BOJ raised the cost of borrowing for the first time since 2007 after rates had been kept down for years as the country struggled with stagnant price growth.

That hike meant that there were no longer any countries left with negative interest rates.

When negative rates are in force people have to pay to deposit money in a bank. They have been used by several countries as a way of encouraging people to spend their money rather than putting it in a bank.