A BBC Hindi analysis has found that more than 80% of the cases related to the violence where courts gave decisions have resulted in acquittals or discharges.

More than 50 people, mostly Muslims, were killed after clashes broke out between Hindus and Muslims over a controversial citizenship law in February 2020. The violence – the deadliest the city had seen in decades – stretched on for days, with hundreds of homes and shops set on fire by violent mobs.

The BBC had earlier reported on incidents of police brutality and complicity during the riots. The police have denied any wrongdoing and in their investigation, alleged that the violence was “pre-planned” as a part of a larger conspiracy to “threaten India’s unity” by the people who were protesting against the law.

They registered 758 cases in connection with the investigation and arrested more than 2,000 people. This included 18 student leaders and activists who were arrested in a case that came to be known as the “main conspiracy case”. They were charged under a draconian anti-terror law that makes it nearly impossible to get bail. Only six of them have been released in five years, and some like activist Umar Khalid are still in jail, waiting for a trial to begin.

BBC Hindi examined the status of all the 758 cases filed in relation to the riotsand analysed the 126 cases in which the Karkardooma court in Delhi had given decisions.

More than 80% of these 126 cases resulted in acquittals or discharges as witnesses turned hostile, or did not support the prosecution’s case. Only 20 of these cases saw convictions.

Under Indian law, an accused is discharged when a court closes a case without a trial because there isn’t sufficient evidence to go ahead. An acquittal is when the court finds the accused not guilty after a full trial.

In 62 of the 758 cases that were filed on charges related to murder, there was only one conviction and four acquittals, data accessed by the BBC through India’s Right to Information law shows.

A detailed analysis of the 126 orders also showed that in dozens of cases, the court came down heavily on the Delhi police for lapses in investigations. In some cases, it criticised the police for filing “predetermined chargesheets” that “falsely implicated” the accused.

In most of the 126 cases, police officials were presented as witnesses to the events. But for various reasons, the court did not find their testimonies credible.

Judges have pointed out inconsistencies in the police statements, delays in identification of the accused by the police and, in some instances, cast doubts over whetherpolicemen were even present when the violence broke out.

In two orders, the judge said that he could not “restrain” himself from saying that when history looked back at the riots, the “failure of the investigating agency to conduct a proper investigation” would “torment the sentinels of democracy”. The court was hearing cases filed against three men on charges of arson and looting – but concluded they had been arrested without any “real or effective investigation”.

The Delhi police did not respond to the BBC’s request for comment. In a report filed last April, the police had told the court that all investigations were carried out in a “credible, fair and impartial” way.

Testimonies from some of the accused and even the court’s own observations, however, raise questions about the investigation.

Shadab Alam, who spent 80 days in jail, says he can never forget the terror of the riots.

He had taken shelter on the rooftop terrace of a medicine store where he worked with a few others.

Just hours earlier, the police had arrived at the shop and asked them to shut it because of ongoing arson.

“Suddenly, they [the police] came again and took a few of us into their van,” he told the BBC.

When he asked the police why he was being taken, he said, they accused him of participating in rioting.

“They asked us our names and beat us up. Almost all of us arrested were Muslims,” Mr Alam said. He added that he submitted his medical report before the court that confirmed three injuries.

In its official report, the police charged Mr Alam and 10 other Muslims of burning down a shop. But the court discharged all of them even before the trial could begin.

In its observations, the court criticised the police investigation saying that the witness’s statements could have been “artificially prepared”, and that “in all probabilities” the shop was burnt by a “mob of persons from the Hindu community”.

It said the police did not pursue the case in that direction, despite being present when the incident happened.

Mr Alam had to wait four years for the case to be officially closed.

“All this happened during Covid-19 pandemic. There was a lockdown. We were in a state of frenzy,” said Dilshad Ali, Alam’s father.

“In the end, nothing was proved. But we had to spend so much time and money to prove our innocence.”

He said the family wanted monetary compensation for their losses. “If the police made a false case against my son, then action should be taken against them,” he added.

In another case, the court acquitted Sandip Bhati, who was accused of dragging and beating a Muslim man during the riots.

The police had submitted two videos to show Mr Bhati was the culprit. But in court, his lawyer said that the police had submitted an incomplete clip to frame his client.

In the full video, which the BBC has verified, Mr Bhati is seen saving the Muslim man instead of beating him up.

In its order in January, the court ruled that the police “manipulated” the video to “frame” Mr Bhati instead of tracing the “actual culprits”.

It also asked the commissioner of Delhi police to take appropriate action against the investigating officer in the case. The police did not respond to BBC Hindi’s question on whether this had been done.

Mr Bhati, who spent four months in prison, refused to comment, saying he did not wish to discuss his “ordeal”.

With so many acquittals, former Supreme Court judge Madan Lokur said, the prosecution and police “should sit down to introspect what they have achieved in five years”.

He also said that “accountability needs to be fixed on the prosecution as well if the arrest is found to be illegal or unnecessary”.

“If the prosecution puts someone in jail because they have the power to do so or because they want to do so, they should not be allowed to get away with it if the incarceration is found to be illegal or unnecessary,” he added.

Even as some cases fall apart in courts, many of those arrested are still languishing in jail awaiting a trial.

Gulfisha Fatima, a 33-year-old PhD aspirant, is among 12 activists who are still in jail on charges of being “conspirators” of the riots.

Her family said three other police cases were lodged against her and she got bail in all of them. But she continues to face incarceration in a fourth case under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) – the stringent anti-terror law that sets exceptionally challenging conditions for bail.

“Since she’s gone to jail, with every hearing we hope she will finally come out,” her father Syed Tasneef Hussain told the BBC.

In Ms Fatima’s case, after months of hearing the bail plea, the judge from the Delhi High Court got transferred in 2023, and now the entire case is being heard again.

“Sometimes I wonder if I’ll be able to see her or if I’ll die before that,” Mr Hussain said.

Deep distrust in the police and a lack of opportunities were also behind some children’s decisions to take part, a new report suggests.

Violence broke out across the country in the days and weeks following the murders of three children at a Taylor Swift-themed dance class in Southport in July 2024.

A government spokesperson said the mobilisation of the police and criminal justice system to bring perpetrators of all ages to justice was vital in restoring order.

But Dame Rachel de Souza told BBC Radio 5 Live that judges should have the power to wipe criminal records clean where youths had “done their time for some very silly things”.

Her report said her interviews with children charged over the disorder “paints a more complex picture” about why they had become involved.

Dame Rachel told BBC One’s Breakfast programme children who had turned up after hearing about the riots had been “egged on” by “adults who were extremist and were really there to do terrible things”.

Many of the children she had spoken to had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and felt they had acted impulsively.

“One little boy said, ‘I broke windows. The next day, I drove past those windows on the bus and I felt terrible.’ There was real regret,” she said.

The children’s commissioner’s findings come a week after Axel Rudakubana pleaded guilty to the murders of Alice da Silva Aguiar, nine, Bebe King, six, and seven-year-old Elsie Dot Stancombe.

He was sentenced to 52 years in prison for the “meticulously planned rampage” in which 10 other people, mostly children, were also stabbed on 29 July last year.

False rumours had spread online in the hours after the attack that the perpetrator had been a migrant, and a violent protest took place close to the scene the following day.

Riots in which mosques and hotels housing migrants were attacked soon spread to many other towns and cities across England and Northern Ireland.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer described the violence at the time as “far-right thuggery” and promised that those involved would “face the full force of the law”.

The children’s commissioner’s report said at least 147 children had been arrested and 84 charged since the riots, with some as young as 12 sentenced over their involvement.

Dame Rachel said her interviews with 14 of those “unheard and overlooked” children “raise some really serious questions about childhood in England and why our children feel so disaffected and disempowered”.

However, she said her report “does not excuse criminality”.

“As children’s commissioner, it’s my duty to listen to children, regardless of their circumstances,” she said.

“The harm caused by these children’s actions is undeniable. Many – but not all – of the children acknowledged the need for accountability and consequences for their actions.

“Today’s findings offer no simple solutions but paints a more complex picture than has been debated following the riots. However, it is one that we must grapple with in order to create a more positive experience of childhood.”

Her report suggested that previous negative interactions and a deep-seated mistrust of the police had fuelled the actions of children, who viewed the riots as an opportunity to retaliate against the police.

Poverty and a lack of opportunities in their communities also formed the background of their involvement, the report said.

Dame Rachel criticised the “unusually severe and swift” charges which followed the riots, which she said overlooked children’s potential for rehabilitation.

She added that variation between regions in terms of children’s outcomes amounted to a “postcode lottery” for those who became involved with the youth justice system.

A government spokesperson said:”The senseless violence we saw on our streets after the tragic loss of Bebe, Elsie and Alice brought shame to our nation, and the mobilisation of our police and entire criminal justice system to bring perpetrators of all ages to justice was vital in restoring order. There is no justification for the violence which they endured last year.

“More widely, work is taking place across government – underscored by our Plan for Change – to break down the barriers to opportunity and ensure that every child has the best start in life.”